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DEFINITION
OF A FOOTNOTE
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Clicking the
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In a text related to social sciences
- history, for example -, it is necessary to include footnotes (at the end
of the page) or endnotes (at the end of the document, but before the
bibliography) in four particular circumstances. But, you can't use both
formats in a same document; you either use footnotes or endnotes. Here
are the particular circumstances:
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Whenever you include a
quote taken
directly from another author's book or article; |
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Whenever you
include one or many
statistics (kilometers for a military frontage, number of victims
in a conflict, amount of money given by a government, etc.); |
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Whenever a
very precise idea or group of
ideas are taken directly and literally from another author's
argumentation; |
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Whenever you
include supplementary
information allowing you to define or illustrate in more details a
concept included to your text. |
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In order to include a footnote or
an endnote, we must respect predefined criteria. The criteria can
change from one field of study to another. Thus, the format
illustrated in this page regards, more particularly, a proper methodology
for history papers (theses, essays, synopses, etc.).
Most word
processors allow their users to quickly include footnotes or endnotes to
their documents. For instance, in Microsoft Word 2003, the
user has to click on the "Insert" option of the menu, then on "Reference" and, finally, on "Footnote".
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Example 1: Microsoft Word
2003 (French version)
Example 2: Microsoft Word
2007 (English version)
Example 3: Open Office 3
Writer (English version)
The notes are in numerical or alphabetical order, but can be of various
types as well. Some of you may want to use roman numbers while others will
prefer letters, notably. This being said, keep in mind that it is
better not to
include more than one reference per footnote or endnote and that each note
is unique, the next one necessarily being an increased number or letter.
The reference in regard to this
first footnote must be fully written, with the exact source:
1- Henry Bogdan,
La
question royale en Hongrie au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, Louvain : Institut de recherches de l'Europe centrale, 1979, p. 24.
Keep in mind that the name of the
author is fully included (first name, then the family name) and that the
title is written in italics; some university departments will
underline the title instead of putting it in italics. After
the title, we must indicate the city where the book was published, the name
of the editor, the year it was published and, finally, the page number(s).
When the reference is about a page in particular, you shall include "p."
but if it regards several pages, you shall indicate "pp.".
If it is an article, the format
is different.
2- M.I. Finley, "The Silent Women of Rome", in
Horizon, no 7 (1965), Tuscaloosa, Horizon Publishers, p. 64.
As you can see, the title of the
article must appear between quote marks, followed by the name of the journal
or review in italics. We also must indicate the prefix "in" before the
name of the latter. Afterward, we indicate the volume number and/or
the date when the article was first published (year, month and day, if it
applies), the city where it was published, the name of the publisher and,
lastly, we include the page(s) to which the reference is related.
Now, when the reference is
repetitive, we can use some predefined terms in order to avoid repeating the
full reference over and over again:
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Ibid.: whenever an
identical
reference to the previous footnote is used; the page number can
be the same or can be different (in
which case, you would indicate the different page number);
Idem.: whenever an
identical reference
to the previous footnote is used (the page number
must also be the same). Some will prefer using the term
"Ibid.".
Op.cit.: when a
book reference has
previously been stated as a footnote or an endnote, but not directly
before;
Loc.cit.: when an
article
reference has previously been stated as a footnote or an endnote,
but not directly before; |
3- Ibid., p. 66.
This "Ibid." makes reference to
page 66 of Finley's article, "The Silent Women of Rome".
4- Idem.
In this case, the reference is
identical to the previous one (footnote 3): same article, same page (p.66).
5- Bogdan, op.cit., p. 45.
For this fifth reference,
I use op.cit. (it is a book), because Bogdan was already cited as a footnote or an endnote but
not directly in the previous note (footnote 4). I also must state the
page number to which it refers. If many different Bogdan books
were previously included as a footnote or endnote, I would have to indicate
the name of the book to avoid any confusion: Bogdan, Histoire des pays de
l'Est, p. 59.
6- Finley, loc.cit., p. 25.
Same explanation as for footnote 5,
but I used loc.cit. instead, because it is an article.
REGARDING ELECTRONIC REFERENCES
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When you must include electronic references from Internet
websites, you can use several formats. I propose two popular formats
you could use in order to respect a proper format: the APA and MLA
styles.
APA Style
Family name and first name of the author(s) (year of publication.)
Title of the article or of the Internet website (in italic letters). Date
you retrieved the information from the website in order to include it to your
own document (month, day and year;
note that
this is not required information) and address of the website.
i.e.:
Rice, J.C., McBride, R.H. & Davis, J. (1998).
Defining a web based
learning environment. Retrieved November 5, 2000 from
http://www.byu.edu/ipt/workshops/wbi/text.html.
MLA Style
From websites that do not indicate the name of the author(s):
Title of the website in italic letters. Date you retrieved the
information from the website in order to include it to your own document (month,
day and year) and address of the website in this format:
<source>.
Cyberbee.
July
28 2002. <http://www.cyberbee.com>.
From websites where the name of the author(s) is (are) clearly identified:
Family name and first name of the author(s). Date you retrieved the
information from the website in order to include it to your own document (month,
day and year) and address of the website in this format:
<source>.
In example: Radford, Robert. July
28 2002.
<http://www.imperialtometric.com>.
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THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
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A few concepts to remember regarding the
inclusion of a bibliography to your paper:
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a bibliography is
basically a list of articles, books and/or any other source
of information used in order to conceptualize, prepare and
write your essay; |
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۩ even if a
source was not included to your paper as a footnote, endnote
or electronic reference, it must still be added to the
bibliography if you consider that this particular source was
necessary in your overall understanding of one or more
concepts presented in your paper; |
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۩ keep in mind
that sources that you did not read by yourself or sources
that are not pertinent (à propos) to your essay must
not be included to the bibliography; |
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۩ the
bibliography section must appear on a distinct page, at the
end of your essay, after the endnotes' section and/or
annexes. But, if you included a final section for the
presentation of other books you published (or your
publisher's other titles), then the bibliography would
appear before that particular "From the same author"
section; |
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۩ the authors'
family names must be included to the bibliography in
alphabetical order; |
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۩ the authors'
family names must appear as capitalized letters;
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۩ if a
bibliographical reference is from the same author as the
previous reference, you can replace the author's name by an
underline (this avoids repeating a same name over and over
again); |
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۩ if the
bibliographical reference requires more than a single line
of text, the next lines must have the equivalent of 10%-20%
whitespace on the left side (horizontal alignment). This requirement is optional; |
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a bibliography section can be divided in several subsections.
Each subsection represents the sources' media type. Hence, we
may include subsections for books, review articles and electronic
sources, notably. Some also divide their bibliography section
as "General Sources" and "Specialized Sources": in such a case, each
division could also include subsections for books, review articles
and/or electronic references;
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and once your bibliography section is done and properly included to your
paper, it can be a good idea to add a few blank pages. When
publishing a book, the publishers usually require such blank pages.
This is also true for self-publishing through print on demand (POD)
companies such as
Lulu,
Blurb and
QooP. Remember that the total number of pages must be
divisible by four (4) if you decide to publish your essay or book.
For example, if your bibliography section ends at page 85, you would
have to include three extra blank pages (pp. 86-88).
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Examples of
bibliographical references:
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For books:
Author (surname, first name).
Book title,
edition number (not required if it's the first edition). City
where the book was published: publisher's name, year of publication.
Book's total number of pages.
Examples:
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POLLOCK,
Michael L. et al. Heart Disease and
Rehabilitation, 3rd edition. Champaign:
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Human Kinetics,
1995. 472 p. |
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RADFORD, Robert.
Footnotes, Endnotes and Electronic References' Methodology.
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Morrisville: Lulu,
2008. 84 p. |
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For review articles:
Author (surname, first name).
"Article title", in
Review title, volume and/or review
number (year of publication).
City where the book was published: publisher's name.
Article's first and last page numbers ("p." if it is a single page /
"pp." if there are numerous pages).
Example:
| FINLEY, M.I. "The Silent Women of Rome", in
Horizon, no 7 (1965). Tuscaloosa: Horizon |
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For
electronic references:
For the bibliography, it is
preferable to use the APA style in regard to
electronic references (see the
previous
section explaining such virtual references).
Example:
RICE, J.C. et al.
(1998). Defining a web based
learning environment. Retrieved November
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5, 2000 from http://www.byu.edu/ipt/workshops/wbi/text.html. |
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Example of a full
bibliography:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
GENERAL
REFERENCES
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KEAVENEY,
Raymond.
Views of Rome. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. 304 p.
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LEFKOWITZ, Mary R. and Maureen B.
FANT.
Women’s Life in Greece and Rome.
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London: Duckworth, 1982. 294 p. |
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SPECIALIZED REFERENCES
MARCADÉ, Jean.
Études de sculptures et d’iconographie antiques. Paris:
Publications de
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la Sorbonne, 1993.
570 p. |
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POMEROY, Sarah B.
Goddesses, whores, wives and slaves. Women in Classical
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Antiquity. New York: Schocken Books, 1975. 265 p. |
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ARTICLES
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FINLEY, M.I. " The Silent
Women of Rome ", in Horizon, no 7 (1965).
Tuscaloosa: Horizon
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TREGGIARI, Susan.
" Libertine Ladies ", in Classical World, no 64 (1971).
Pittsburgh:
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Classical Association of the Atlantic States.
pp. 196-198. |
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ANTIQUITY SOURCES
OVIDE. Ovid’s
Fasti. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. 460 p.
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[Translated by Sir James
George Frazer]. |
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PÉTRONE.
Le Satiricon. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1962. 213 p.
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[Translated by Alfred Ernout]. |
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PLAUTE. Comédies
: L’Asinaire ; Charançon ; Pseudolus. Paris:
Hachette, 1923. 2 v.
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[Translated by E. Sommer].
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________. Comédies
:
Truculentus, tome VII. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1961.
203 p.
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[Translated by
Alfred Ernout]. |
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SÉNÈQUE, le Philosophe.
Des Bienfaits, tome I. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1926. 141
p.
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[Translated by
François Préchac]. |
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Examples of other styles for bibliography entries
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
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![Robert Radford, Footnotes, Endnotes, Electronic References and Bibliography Methodology, Morrisville: Lulu, 2010, 192 p. ISBN: 978-2-9810087-6-3. [How to write footnotes, endnotes, electronic references and bibliographies in a proper format (APA, Chicago, GB7714, GOST, ISO 690, MLA, SISTO2 and Turabian)]](http://www.robertradford.com/Footnotes/footnotes_html/FootnoteManual_183x275.jpg "Robert Radford, Footnotes, Endnotes, Electronic References and Bibliography Methodology, Morrisville: Lulu, 2010, 192 p. ISBN: 978-2-9810087-6-3. [How to write footnotes, endnotes, electronic references and bibliographies in a proper format (APA, Chicago, GB7714, GOST, ISO 690, MLA, SISTO2 and Turabian)]")
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Here's a
selection of excellent questions that were sent to me by
users of this website. All the answers are
now in the book, which is available through
download of an
electronic copy. The eBook is an easy to
print PDF document
available
through Lulu's secured website. The book is
also available on Amazon, as a Kindle
eBook and as a paperback.
If you have a question regarding
footnotes, endnotes, electronic references, bibliographies
and/or social sciences in general, feel free to
contact me by email. |
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Questions answered in the book
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click on
-/+
to
contract / expand |
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___________________________________ |
Question # 1: Positioning of the number
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Yes
I understand how to write the footnote page but in my paper
where do I write the number. For example: "Predictions
about which students will do better academically or socially in
which setting are highly fallible (6)". Does the (6)
go after period or before? Thank you for your help.
Sincerely,
Stacy.
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Question # 2: Referencing photos and pictures
Sir,
I am doing a poster for an ecology project.
My teacher wants the inclusion of footnotes.
If I use photos from the newspaper on the poster, do I have to
footnote the photos (from what paper, date, photographer, etc.) on
the bottom? Thanks for your help.
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+
Question # 3: Using a source more than once
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When using endnotes, if you use a source more than
once but a different page number, how would you
document that on the endnotes page?
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+
Question # 4: Two footnotes in a single sentence
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When you
have two footnotes in one sentence, how do you
put them in? At the end of the sentence
separated by a comma or where they refer to a
fact in the sentence?
Sent by email on April 23, 2004
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-
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Question # 5 : Proper reference for the transcription of a
conference
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Dear
Robert,
I have been using your web page to guide me to
correctly make my quotations for my thesis.
There is one quote I have not been able to quote
correctly, for it is a tricky one and I can't do
anything for making it right. The case is as
follows:
Georges Banu transcribed, as accurate as
possible (in his own words), the conference of Jerzy Grotowski. The text was published in ART/PRESS
in Paris in 1987. If you could help me, I would
be for ever thankful, for it is of primordial
importance for me (and my university) to have
all quotations and all rules in perfect order.
Thanks
for your time.
E.
Correa
Sent by email on November 18, 2005
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-
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Question # 6: Quoting from a website
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Robert,
I am
trying to quote something said on a website page. Can
you help with this?
I am writing a paper on the various personality types,
and wanted to add some verbiage about the differences
between Keirsey’s definitions and Jung-Myers
definitions. Here is the website:
http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html.
Thanks...
J
Have a Great Day!
Vera B., Monterey, CA
Sent by email on
September 17, 200 7
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-
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Question # 7: Footnotes and punctuation marks
I am attempting to
ascertain the concrete rule for the placement of
footnotes within certain punctuation marks.
In searching the
Internet, I turned up the following in your FAQs on
footnotes:
|
Cf. Question #1:
" . . .
I understand how to write the footnote
page but in my paper where do I write
the number. For example: "Predictions
about which students will do better
academically or socially in which
setting are highly fallible (6)".
Does the (6) go after period or before?
Thank you for your help.
Sincerely,
Stacy".
Answer:
The number must always be included
before the period, never after, and must
ideally appear at the end of your statement.
Here is an example:
" The
international comparisons present the
main statistical indicators of more than
230 countries and territories, grouped
by theme: population and income, labour
force and prices, gross domestic
product, international trade and
investments, education and
communication, health "1. |
Can you
please provide me the source for your answer? We have
quite a debate going about this issue in our law office,
and we'd like to be able to settle it once and for all.
Thank
your for your attention to this request.
Sincerely,
D.
Brown
Sent by email on October 18,
2007
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Question # 8: Quoting from a dictionary
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Dear Mr. Radford,
I want to quote the
definition of the word 'didaktik' from a
German dictionary that wasn't written by any
one person. How do I do that? The name of
the dictionary is Duden - Das
Fremdwörterbuch. The publisher is
Dudenverlag and the dictionary was published
in 2006.
Thanks for your help,
Rebecca A.
Sent
by email
on
March 7,
2008
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Question # 9: Citing a book written by numerous authors
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Dear Mr. Radford,
I would like to cite
from a book written by six authors, and am
not quite sure how.
The book is called
Medizinische Psychologie, the Authors are G.
Sonneck, O. Frischenschlager, M. Hexel, U.
Kropiunigg, I. Pucher and M. Schjerve.
Publishing company -
Facultas in Vienna. Published in 1999. 6th
Edition.
Chapter 6 in the book
is called Arztrolle - Patientenrolle and the
author is S. Rossmanith
The page I paraphrased
is 104.
Where on earth do I
put in the footnote and reference list?
Thank you!
Rebecca
Sent by email
on March 27, 200 8
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Question # 10 : Reference for a scholar's lecture
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Our
psychology
professor
has
provided
us
supplementary
notes
to
his
lectures
to
download,
which
I
want
to
cite.
They
were
written
by
himself,
Markus Ebner, and two
colleagues Marion Eckler and Andreas W.
Fischer in Vienna 2008, but there's no
publisher of course because it's never
been published. How must I quote this
source? The name of the lecture is "Psychologie
für Physiotherapiestudenten".
Thanks!
Rebecca
Sent by email on March 30, 2008
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Question # 11: Numbering and continuation of footnotes
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For each page of a document, does the numbering
of the footnotes start again at #1, or can it
continue? For example: on page 1 of the
document, I have footnotes 1 – 6. On page 2 of
the document, do I start with footnote #7 or
start all over at #1?
Sent by email on August 12, 2008
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Question # 12: Proper use of the Ibid. terminology
I
would be grateful for
information. Can you put
'Ibid.' at the TOP of a footnote
section when referring to a
previous book, which full title
is immediately placed before
this 'Ibid.' but on previous
page? Also, do you use
'Ibid.' to refer to a previous
book ONLY or to the WHOLE
previous footnote? There
are some situations when I am
referring to two different
authors (2 books) in one
footnote and in the next
footnote only to the last author
(1 book). Can I then use 'Ibid.'
or should I specify that it is
only the last book. Thank you
for your help.
Ania (Poland)
Sent by email on August 27, 2008
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Question # 13: Footnoting a citation from a translated
book
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Hi there,
Firstly, thanks very much for
creating this site. No matter
how many guidelines I've
received I always seem to come
across a situation that isn't
dealt with! I'm wondering how to
properly footnote a citation
from a book that has been
translated. For example, I'm
quoting from a book originally
written in German but translated
to English. The book was
originally entitled, Altirischen by Rudolf
Thurneysen but my copy is called
A Grammar of Old Irish,
translated by D.A Binchy and
Osborn Bergin. I'd greatly
appreciate your help.
Regards
A.Ó. Cléirigh
Sent by email on September 6, 2008
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+
Question # 14: Citing the back cover of a book
I have a
simple question concerning
footnotes; how do I cite the
back cover of a book (i.e.: what
word do I use instead of the
page number)?
Hope you can help me!
Regards,
Tove
Sent by email on September 18, 2008
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+
Question # 15: Footnote regarding an expert author's
paragraph
I am a nascent writer
and am working on my
footnotes. In my paper,
I have illustrated
several viewpoints
of experts to make the
point that there is no
consensus on how and
when iron technology
began in Africa. There
is so much information
to be explained that the
viewpoints cannot be
explained in a couple of
sentences; I need to
elaborate for a
paragraph or two.
I understand that
a footnote is to be
placed at the end of a
sentence by which that
idea came from another
source. But, where do I
place the footnote if
the idea of the whole
paragraph comes
from the expert author
and how will the reader
know the footnote refers
to the whole
paragraph and not just
one sentence?
Thank you very much for
your response and
direction!
Kansas
City, Missouri
Sent by email on November 4, 2008
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+
Question # 16: History as a field of study
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Good day Robert,
Next year, I should enter university and I would like to study history but I did not make up my mind yet. Would it be possible for you to give me some information about history as a field of study? I also want to thank you for this website...
Sonja P.
Vancouver, Canada
Sent by email on November 9 2008
|
History can open many doors once you'll obtain your degree: many government employers are fond of historians and history leads the way to careers in journalism, education and literature.
In response to your question, here are the main characteristics of history as a field of study.
Best regards and good luck with your future projects!
Main characteristics of history
۩
History is partial: the image of the past will always be imperfect;
۩ in history, relativity plays a central role. Thus, there is no absolute truth: no law allows the forecast of history;
۩ the object of research is the link between men and the past;
۩ history is an instrument which makes it possible to overcome the crises and it is the representation of the continuity which allows theoretical formulations;
۩ and history is a science because of its method: historical criticism. One can thus stress that history is the most human of all the social sciences, and this, because of its investigation and explanation methodologies;
Is the work of the historian different from the work of specialists from other disciplines in social sciences?
۩ History is transcendent. Hence, the historian must constantly rewrite history;
۩ contrary to the political analysts, economists, etc., the historian does not have a specifically associated domain of reference. Thus, he can study any kind of history such as medical history, legal history, and so on;
۩ the historian must constantly work with metaphorical concepts and, sometimes, be guided by its intuition;
۩ and, in regard to other specialists, the historian will never be able to recreate the facts that he studies and describes, which is not the case of a physicist who can test his assumptions.
Personal qualities which the historian must have to carry out his work
۩ A strong amount of curiosity and initiative;
۩ some objectivity;
۩ some subjectivity;
۩ and, notably, a great interest for reading and writing (his basic work tools).
Some methodological parameters in history
۩ Constraints:
a. the sources used by the historian will determine the pace and direction of its work;
b. the personality of the historian will condition, more than the sources, the facts that he will have retained;
c. and the historian apprehends the past not as a past which was, at one time, the present, but as a present which was a past.
۩ Dimensions of the historian's field:
a. men: if there are no men, there is no history;
b. time and times: time is one-way (past towards the future) and irreversible (to go up time is an act of imagination). There are various times: physical time (days, years, etc), psychic time (according to the different consciences which have various perspectives in regard to the flow of time), social time (societies and their links to time) and historical time (represented by the historian scientific method);
c. freedom: men work through the historical process, and that, according to their own liking;
d. and totality: individualities themselves, with the whole of their specific features, are underlined by the historiographic speech.
۩ The problem:
a. history is done through the use of sources;
b. history is done through today's perspective;
c. the problem is subjective;
d. and one will be able to analyze sources from the past through criticism; one will be able to work out questions of the present because of the problem.
۩ The assumption:
a. the problem is accompanied by a possible answer and one wishes to check the latter thanks to the assumption;
b. and the assumption is resulting from an intellectual process that must be justified and informed.
۩ Heuristics:
a. a step towards the object of the past is the search for traces;
b. and to facilitate his work, the historian has a multitude of tools: catalogues of libraries, museums, files, inventories, bibliographical repertories, etc.
۩ Establishment of the facts.
۩ Comprehension.
۩ Presentation of knowledge acquired: its capacity to convince the reader.
Differences between the historical method and the other disciplines in social sciences
۩ Whereas the earth's history is the main concern of the geologist, that of the plants and animals of the palaeontologist, and whereas the history of the universe is the principal concern of the astronomer, the historian is mainly preoccupied by the individuals' knowledge, activities and creations.
۩ The subjectivity of the historian is unique within the scientific framework. We can be proud of this room for manoeuvre in regard to the sources which one uses. History is, indeed, the most human of the social sciences.
۩ As for the “territory” of the historian, the space-time concept is of the highest importance. Thus, one could not imagine an historian forsaking the temporal framework to the detriment of the spatial framework, or vice versa, whereas some geographers could very well cover particular subjects while limiting themselves to the concept of space, without taking into account the temporal framework.
۩ The main interest of history is social change. Thus, the historian wants to understand human society: how it changes, its differences, etc.?
۩ All that is social is meaningful to the historian: the daily lives of individuals; the long-term facts (structural) and the economical, demographical and cultural factors, notably.
۩ This being said, let's keep in mind that “history does not correspond to the definition of science; it does not consist of abstract demonstrations (unlike mathematics); it is not verifiable through experimentation (unlike natural sciences); finally, it does not lead to laws which would allow forecasting!” (L.-E. Halkin, Elements of Historical Criticism, Liege: H. Dessain, 1974, p. 19. Translated by Robert Radford).
____________________________
Source: Robert Radford, Footnotes, Endnotes, Electronic References and Bibliography Methodology, Morrisville : Lulu, 2008, pp. 69-74. |
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Question # 17: Quoting a book's section written by a
single author
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I am a second year English Studies’ student in the United Kingdom.
I am currently doing an assignment in literature where I want to
reference a book by four authors, A.L Le Quesne, George P. Landow,
Stefan Collini and Peter Stansky. The book is entitled Victorian
Thinkers with a section by each author on Carlyle, Ruskin,
Arnold and Morris.
I need to reference the section concerning Ruskin (written by Landow)
as that is the only section I am concerned with. Do I still quote
all four authors of the book (I mean one author and et al.)
but then cite the particular chapter by Landow separately?
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Question # 18: Footnote for a foreword
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There is a foreword to the book I would like to quote from. The
foreword is by Keith Thomas and after his name it says “General
Editor Past Masters”. Could you please tell me how to reference
this foreword in a footnote?
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Question # 19: Endnotes' procedure and number of
references
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I am writing memoirs
of World War II
events. The first
draft of the book is
about 200 pages
long. This is
my first experience
writing a book.
Presently I have a
total of 7 endnotes in
the 6 chapters of
the book. I have
assigned a number to
each endnote and
placed the endnote
number in
superscript position
at the end of the
sentence where the
endnote is
applicable.
Because I have only
200 pages, I have
placed all the
endnotes at the end
of the book in
numerical order, as
they appear in the
book. For each
endnote, I have
listed the author,
title, city where
the book was
published,
publisher's name,
year of publication
and total number of
pages, or the
specific pages I use
for my references.
In some cases the
endnotes refer to
specific pages in a
book or publication.
In other cases the
endnote references
the entire book or
publication.
My questions are:
1. Am I following
the correct
procedure?
2. If not, can you
advise regarding the
correct procedure
for citing such a
small number of
references?
Harold
Sent by email on
January 5, 2009
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Question # 20: Footnotes and copyright protected
documents
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Great website.
Thanks!!
I have a two-part
question. First, if
the author is using
information from a
copyright protected
document, does he or
she still have to
get permission from
the publisher even
if he or she gives
proper attribution
through endnotes or
footnotes? Secondly,
if
information is
readily available
from a number of
sources, is it
necessary to even
use a footnote? As
an extreme example,
if I wrote "Abraham
Lincoln was
assassinated at
Ford's Theater in
Washington, D.C." I
would not need an
endnote, would I?
Thanks.
Jim
Newport News, VA
Sent by email on February 4, 2009
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Question # 21: Footnotes and direct references
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If, in the narrative
of your works, you
make a direct
reference to your
source such as "In
his book Jefferson the
President,
author Dumas Malone
asserts that Thomas
Jefferson was blah, blah, blah,
etc.", would I
still need a
footnote? I am
thinking probably so
to document
publisher, page
number, etc.
Thank you so much
for your time and I
appreciate your very
detailed answer.
Jim
Sent by email on February 6, 2009
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Question # 22: Reference for an essay published in a
book with multiple authors
|
How do you
cite a reference for
an essay when it is published in
a book that contains several
essays written by different
authors?
Thanks,
Tyrene F.C.
Sent by email on April 13, 2009
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Question # 23:
Footnotes and official letters
|
Can you
please tell me if it is proper
to use footnotes in official
letters? In my opinion,
footnotes are for stories,
articles, reports, reference
books, etc., but not for
official letters. My supervisor
believes otherwise. I don't
think we should use footnotes in
official letters we send to our
clients. I feel that when a
special procedure applies to a
special group of clients that it
would be more appropriate to add
a paragraph including the
details; not a footnote.
I'd really
appreciate your input on this.
Thank you very much.
Judy
Sent by email on April 24, 2009
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COMMENTS FROM VISITORS
↑
 |
Comment # 1:
The following
data was submitted via the electronic form on April 26, 2004:
"I was looking for a
website to explain footnotes to me and yours was the only GOOD
one. Thank you! The only bad thing is that annoying menu thing
that blocks some of the printing...".
Thanks for your kind words.
It is always a pleasure to help people and I'm glad to see you were able to find
the information you were looking for on my website. Regarding the "annoying
menu", I took your comment into account and modified the webpage recently.
Hence, visitors should not have any more difficulties printing the information
included to this website.
Comment # 2:
The following data was submitted
via the electronic form on February 6, 2005:
"Your
website is a godsend, thank you so much. Your website is the only good one
that actually explains footnotes and endnotes clearly. Can you please get
rid of the Menu? It's really annoying and it blocks some of the text".
I'm glad to see you were
able to find answers to your questions on my website. I took good note of
your remark regarding the infamous "Menu" and, as you can see, I decided to
delete it once and for all. Hence, the visitors shall not have any more
problems with it. I did have technical problems with the comments' form
though and had to take it off from the webpage temporarily... This being said,
visitors can still reach me by
email.
Comment
# 3:
The following data was submitted
via email on February 12, 2005:
"Thanks for taking
your time to provide information on footnotes. Your
website answered all my questions and was a pleasure to use. Bonnie".
Comment
# 4:
The following data was submitted
via the electronic form on June 15, 2005:
"Thank you so much for rescuing me in a pinch. I have been out of college a long
time and needed to help someone with a paper. It was great to be able to go to a
website and quickly get the info. Your commentary was also a good read.
Thanks".
The following data was submitted
via the electronic form on December 20, 2005:
"Dear Mr.
Radford,
Hello, my name
is Rachel. I'm an eigth grader, and I needed to figure out
how to use footnotes for my thesis paper. Your website was
the only one that clearly answered my questions and thanks
to you, my teacher gave me an extra 15 points for using
footnotes correctly!!! Thanks again!!! Merci beaucoup!!!".
Good
day Rachel,
Thank
you for visiting my website on footnotes and for your good
words. I am very happy to know that my examples helped you
get more points on your paper :). It is also very pleasant
to receive feedback from my website's visitors...
Best regards!
The following data was submitted
via email on September 7th, 2008:
"Good morning
from Ireland,
Go raibh
míle maith agat (thank you very much,
literally may you have a thousand good
things). Your website and service are
fantastic resources for those of us
attempting to enter the world of academia!
Tabhair aire
Antóin".
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![Robert Radford, Footnotes, Endnotes, Electronic References and Bibliography Methodology, Morrisville: Lulu, 2010, 192 p. ISBN: 978-2-9810087-6-3. [How to write footnotes, endnotes, electronic references and bibliographies in a proper format (APA, Chicago, GB7714, GOST, ISO 690, MLA, SISTO2 and Turabian)]](http://www.robertradford.com/Footnotes/footnotes_html/FootnoteManual.jpg "Robert Radford, Footnotes, Endnotes, Electronic References and Bibliography Methodology, Morrisville: Lulu, 2010, 192 p. ISBN: 978-2-9810087-6-3. [How to write footnotes, endnotes, electronic references and bibliographies in a proper format (APA, Chicago, GB7714, GOST, ISO 690, MLA, SISTO2 and Turabian)]")
